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LOS CAMELLONES INDÍGENAS DE PAICAVÍ, ARAUCANÍA, CHILE, Y SUS IMPLICANCIAS SOCIO-ECONÓMICAS DURANTE EL PERIODO COLONIAL TEMPRANO: UN ENFOQUE PRELIMINAR

INDIGENOUS RAISED AGRICULTURAL FIELDS IN PAICAVÍ, LA ARAUCANÍA, CHILE, AND THEIR SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS DURING THE EARLY COLONIAL PERIOD: A PRELIMINARY VIEW

Tom D. Dillehay, José Manuel Zavala, José Saavedra and Arturo Rojas

Raised agricultural fields in the delta of the Paicaví River in the Araucanía region of south-central Chile are described and considered preliminarily in terms of their social and economic implications for the Early Colonial Period. Archival material of the 16th-17th centuries suggests that this area, which was part of the Tucapel province of the Araucanian Estado, possibly supported the warriors from Purén- who more fiercely resisted the Spanish--by providing large quantities of food. The archaeological record of the raised fields in the area hypothetically supports this role, at least during times of warfare between the Spanish and Mapuche.

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CANOEROS EN CHILOÉ: DE FACILITADORES DE LAS NAVEGACIONES ESPAÑOLAS EN LOS ARCHIPIÉLAGOS DE LOS CHONOS Y DE GUAYANECO, A PRODUCTORES Y COMERCIANTES, 1567-1792

COASTAL HUNTER GATHERERS IN CHILOE: FROM FACILITATORS OF THE NAVIGATION OF SPANIARDS IN THE CHONOS AND GUAYANECO ARCHIPELAGOS TO PRODUCERS AND TRADERS, 1567-1792

Ximena Urbina, Omar Reyes and Carolina A. Belmar

The coastal hunter gatherers of the southern coastal archipelagos who were transferred to Chiloé during the 17th and 18th centuries played a connecting role between these two worlds as they were familiar with the geography of an environment that could not be dominated by the Spaniards and the Veliche of Chiloé. They became forced facilitators of the activities of these groups in the Chonos archipelago, undertaking tasks as translators, guides, divers, watchers, and seekers of other indigenous groups. The canoeists transferred to the islands of Cailin and Chaulinec with civilizing purposes from 1743 onwards did not completely abandon their territory, not only returning to their islands on a permanent basis to practice ancestral activities (fishing, shellfish gathering, consumption of sea lion meat) but also bringing new occupations from Chiloé, such as agriculture and livestock breeding, which were developed for purposes of exchange with the inhabitants of Chiloé rather than for mere subsistence. As a result, these people developed subsistence strategies based on elements present in their culture, such as the exploitation of exogenous materials of cultural origin (shipwrecks remains) as exchangeable items; the adaptation of techniques and technologies for food preparation and conservation; the use of new ecological niches other than the strictly coastal inlets or the usual islands, such as islands with pastures for the free breeding of European cattle, among other practices that account for an active attitude towards the new world that was being imposed on them.

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MUJERES MAPUCHE EN LA DIÁSPORA Y EL RETORNO AL WALLMAPU: ENTRE MICRO-RESISTENCIAS DE GÉNERO Y DESPOJOS COLONIALES

MAPUCHE WOMEN IN THE DIASPORA AND THE RETURN TO THE WALLMAPU: BETWEEN COLONIAL SPOLIATION AND MICRO-RESISTANCE IDENTITY

Alicia Rain Rain, Margot Pujal i Lombart and Enrico Mora Malo

The forced occupation of the Wallmapu, the Mapuche territory, though a military campaign known as Pacification of Araucanía, contributed to the coerced migration of Mapuche people to the cities. This article delves, from an analytical and political perspective, into the experiences of Mapuche women who have worked in domestic service in Santiago de Chile, the capital city of the country with the highest number of Mapuche women. This is a multisited ethnographic research comprising the regions of El Biobío, La Araucanía, and Los Ríos, and the city of Santiago. The decolonized and decolonizing methodological perspectives used involved knowledge and social conventions characteristic of the Mapuche people. The methodological strategy included participating observation. Thirty two Mapuche women, who lived in the diaspora and have returned to the Wallmapu, participated. In-depth interviews were carried out with twenty women. Four discussion groups were conducted with 12 women, including two of the interviewed women, in the city of Santiago and in the regions of La Araucanía and Los Ríos. The findings show colonial continuities in racialized work spaces, which manifest themselves in a variety of class, race, and gender clashes, and which dialectically give rise to subjectivities and everyday micro-resistances that shape the Mapuche diaspora identity of these women.

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THE NORTHERN LIMITS OF THE INCA EMPIRE AND THE QHAPAQ ÑAN FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE SOUTHERN ANDES OF COLOMBIA

LOS LÍMITES SEPTENTRIONALES DEL IMPERIO INCA Y EL QHAPAQ ÑAN VISTOS DESDE LA ARQUEOLOGÍA Y LA HISTORIOGRAFÍA DEL SUR ANDINO DE COLOMBIA

Alejandro Bernal Vélez

The aim of this article is to discuss the role of roads and communication routes as essential elements in the social production of space, and in the conformation of a border Tawantinsuyu region in the northern Andes at the time of the Spanish conquest. Available archaeological and historiographical information on the department of Nariño in Colombia and the province of Carchi in Ecuador is used to evaluate the degree of conquest and dominion of the Incas in the Northern Andes, and the function of social interaction in the spatial configuration. The text highlights that, regardless of whether the region was part of the Inca Empire, some elements that are regarded as characteristic of the so-called “Andean world” are present in the archaeological record, and even that some of them are not temporarily related to the imperial presence in the area.

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HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE INKA OCCUPATION AND PREHISPANIC ROADS OF LEVANTO (AMAZONAS, PERU)

APROXIMACIONES HISTÓRICAS Y ARQUEOLÓGICAS A LA OCUPACIÓN INKA Y LOS CAMINOS PREHISPÁNICOS DE LEVANTO (AMAZONAS, PERÚ)

Carlos E. Campos Napán

Although the Inka occupation in the Chachapoyas region has been studied by several specialists, the archaeological studies have focused on the imposing site of Kuélap in Luya, the Cochabamba site in Chuquibamba, and the Laguna de Los Cóndores on the border of the departments of Amazonas and San Martin. However, they have not dealt comprehensively with the Inka occupation and the road system of the Levanto district, with its plentiful archaeological evidence. This essay aims to characterize Levanto, an ancient pre-Hispanic center, which played an important role during the Inka period. The study is supported by reviewed ethnohistorical documentation, some unpublished reports, and our archaeological expeditions.

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