The self-perception of a “we”, anchored in a common past, creates a self-conception of identity among peninsular comuneros. Museums and cultural heritage connected with scientific and archaeological knowledge reconstruct the cultural past and support the present. The collective nature of cultural identity has guaranteed the continuity and permanence over time of the communal society, and sets limits in relation to its social surroundings, defining who they are, who they share with and how they see themselves in their heritage. In this respect, every community is a social universe that identifies itself as a holder of cultural heritage which has been transmitted to them, around which they create a collective local identity that is shaped in contrast to the hegemonic imaginary of national identity. This paper aims at establishing dialogues between archaeological interpretations and the acknowledgement and meanings attributed to cultural heritage, in comunas where museums were built in order to support the revitalization of national and local culture.