It examines the uses and modes of representation of pre-Columbian cultures and indigenous peoples in a group of archaeological museums in Chile from a critical reading covering from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century. The present of the archaeological museums is observed from the complexity of the relations between the pre-Columbian cultural objects they exhibit and past and present indigenous societies, on which a classification was elaborated expressed in the two positions that are derived from their discourses and museological practices. In the first, scientific criteria predominate in the museological conception and evokes a phrase from the verse of the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda in Alturas de Machu Picchu: “I come to speak for your dead mouth”. The second is characterized by an inclusive approach that recognizes the need to develop museum proposals with and for indigenous and non-indigenous communities, and refers to Rigoberta Menchú’s claim in her autobiography for giving her own vision of the history of her people: “my personal situation encompasses the whole reality of a people”. We also compare the Chilean experience and the museological phenomenon of the community museums of Mexico (i.e. Oaxaca) understood as a valid alternative of new guidelines in the curatorial discourses, on the representations of pre-Hispanic and present native peoples, to be adopted by the Chilean museums. In sum, as part of the widespread tendency to incorporate the thoughts and approaches of indigenous communities into museological work, the aim of the article is to problematize the system of Chilean archaeological museums and to analyze the dynamic relationship between the museum’s agency, its social actors and the contextual conditions that particularize its experience, whose understanding is significant in the projection of eventual transformations, which, although recognized as urgent matters, few examples have been maintained over time in Chile.